The Effects Of Stress And Heart Disease Essay - 1567 Words

Stress and Cardiovascular Disease The effects of stress and heart disease is explained in a study Chida and Steptoe (2009), in which investigators looked at populations of people in healthy known areas, and assessed in total twenty five different studies. Anger and hostility has a positive relationship with coronary heart disease and was greater in men compared to women. Their findings also showed that individuals who had cardiac arrest and were resuscitated, twenty five percent admitted to feeling extremely stressed with work and family instances just twenty four hours before they had cardiac arrest. Daily activities that provoked moderate, acute stress demonstrated lower levels of blood supply to the hearts muscle. Deanfield et al. (1984) Stress and Heart Disease. Fig. 2 The heart under stress. Changes in the uptake of rubidium-82 and the electrocardiogram in relation to chest pain before and after mental arithmetic or exercise. Control scans, dark areas show normal rubidium-82 uptake by the heart muscle in three patients, indicating normal blood flow. There are defects in uptake (arrows) with mental arithmetic and exercise, and these changes can be accompanied by ECG changes of oxygen lack to the muscle = ischemia = angina. N = normal; AB = abnormal (Modified from Deanfield et al. (1984) Silent myocardial ischaemia due to mental stress. Lancet 2:1003. With permission from Elsevier) Stress and Brain Functioning As mentioned earlier, glucocorticoid production isShow MoreRelatedThe Heart And Stroke Diseases1347 Words   |  6 Pages Heart and stroke diseases are claimed to be caused by unhealthy behavioural habits, however research evidence has shown that the actually causes of heart and stroke diseases are contributed to low income. The usual or traditional professional explanations for the cause of heart and stroke that were stated in the articles and on the heart and stroke foundation website were said to be contributed to biomedical and lifestyle factors such as blood pressure, cholesterol levels, being inactive, eatingRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Physical Illness1287 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Stress on Physical Illness Stress is an example of a behavior and experience explained in physiological and psychological terms. Recently, awareness has been heightened concerning the harmful effects of stress and how it can be successfully managed and prevented. Stults-Kolehmainen (2013) definition of stress focuses on some kind of force or mental pressure exerted upon an individual. Often, stress is often associated with anxiety, strain, tension, distress and fatigue (Childs de-WitRead MoreCardiovascular Diseases Affect The Global Population1152 Words   |  5 PagesCardiovascular Diseases Affect the Global Population Over the past few years cardiovascular diseases have become the number one global cause of death. These diseases were first discovered 3,500 years ago with the Egyptians, and ever since then the causes have been pretty much the same. Although there are things that can be done to either increase or decrease the chances of getting heart disease. â€Å"Heart diseases describe a range of conditions that affect the heart† (Sheen 1). It canRead MoreChronic Diseases Are Long Lasting Disease1550 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Chronic diseases are long lasting disease. Chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, type 2 diabetes, obesity and arthritis are the most common and preventable health problems. These diseases generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or medication, nor do they disappear, but they can be prevented by having a healthy lifestyle since some of the major contributors are tobacco use, lack of physical activity, and bad eating habits. Cardiovascular disease is leading cause ofRead MoreStress and Heart Disease Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesHeart Disease and Stress Miller and Blackwell state, â€Å"Though people have long believed that certain thoughts and feelings are toxic for their health, only in the past 30 years has convincing evidence accumulated to support this view†¦ specific cognitive and emotional processes do contribute to the development and progression of medical illness,† (Miller Blackwell, 2006, p. 269). Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Through many experiments, research has shownRead MoreEssay about The Possibility of Preventing Cardiovascular Disease1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe Possibility of Preventing Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease kills one in 3 people in the uk[1]. Although cardiovascular diseases are on the decline, it is still Britains biggest number 1 killer responsible for 40% of premature deaths[2]. The cardio-vascular system is responsible for supplying the body with blood. The heart pumps blood around the body through arteries, veins and capillaries, it is made of cardiac tissue and is positioned in theRead MoreEssay on The Effect of Stress on Cardiovascular Disorders1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Stress on Cardiovascular Disorders A cardiovascular disorder is any disorder effecting the heart and circulatory system. There is evidence that links stress plays a role in the development of two types of cardiovascular disorders, hypertension (high blood pressure) and coronary heart disease (CHD), which reduces the flow of blood to the heart. Stress may directly cause cardiovascular problems by; rising heart rate which wears the lining of the blood vesselsRead MoreEssay on Stress and Cardiovascular Disease1245 Words   |  5 Pageswithout the threat of death from infectious diseases, it is apparent that we are now dealing with a different phenomenon that may be just as harmful to our health. The impact of psychological, social and environmental factors from our daily lives is having a drastic impression on the mental and physical wellbeing of our society. It has been shown in various studies that psychological and neurological factors influence the immune system and can have an effect on our health (Breedlove, Rosenzweig WatsonRead MoreHow do Psychosocial Factors Influence Cardiac Health Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pageshealth? Cardiac related health problems are one of the leading causes of death in industrialized areas throughout the Western world.1 Psychosocial factors such as stress and anxiety are often disregarded but have a major role to play in the development of cardiac disease. These factors are mostly manageable, allowing the risk of cardiac disease to decrease. This paper aims to discuss the influence of these psychosocial risk factors on cardiac health using the findings of epidemiological studies and theRead MoreThe Treatment Of Trauma And How Yoga May Be An Integral Part Of That Care Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pageshealth care research. The partnership of Kaiser Permanente and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) produced one of the largest studies ever conducted to explore associations between childhood maltreatment (chronic and toxic stress from early adversity) and health and well-being throughout the lifespan. The study involves the data from over 17,000 participants c ollected from 1995 to 1997 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Although the study’s main findings were aimed at influencing

The Effects Of Tobacco On The World - 851 Words

As a nation, the United States of America has recently declared a war against the tobacco industry. There are now graphic commercials and advertisements suggesting the negative effects of tobacco cigarette use. However, according to the World Health Organization there remain over one billion tobacco smokers in the world (Rom, Corelli, Valacchi Reznick, 2015). Tobacco use has been associated with and linked to six leading causes of death in the world which include Ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, chronic obtrusive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis and lung cancer (The Who, 2014). The World Health organization suggests that tobacco use is one of the most preventable causes of death in the world, but unfortunately, it remains a growing problem due to marketing, promotion, and lobbyists. As a social worker, it is important to consider this as an issue that is brought up by the client. According to the CDC (2013) 17.8% of adults 18 and older ar e current cigarette smokers. Presently there are several avenues available to those seeking to quit smoking. There are pharmacological treatments that are available such as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). NRT includes the nicotine patch, nicotine gum, inhalers, and nasal sprays. Anti-depressants and other alternative treatments can be paired with counseling, education, or support groups. Some of these treatments are more accessible and cost efficient than others, for instance nicotine gumShow MoreRelatedEthics Of The Tobacco Industry Essays1022 Words   |  5 PagesEthics of the Tobacco Industry The tobacco industry is a very unethical industry, due to the long term effects of tobacco on humans. The industry also does not assess the ethical and social responsibility the best way that it should. There are many factors that make the industry unethical; some of the reasons are the way the cigarette companies around the world Advertise, the way governments and cigarette companies make a huge profit from the sales of cigarettes, and the labeling health risksRead MoreBan Tobacco Ban On Tobacco859 Words   |  4 PagesSupporters of the ban on tobacco in India realize the major health complications that will arise from the use of tobacco. The World Health Organization estimated â€Å"over 3 million people died from tobacco related deaths in 1990,† (Ban on Tobacco Ads by the Government in India; http://www.icmrindia.org/free%20resources/casestudies/ban-tobacco-ads11.htm ). It is the government’s duty to protect the health and welfare of its citizens by banning advert ising harmful products that are designed to appealRead MoreThe Reality of Hookahs942 Words   |  4 Pagesmay be used with the acknowledge of the effects. Many people are not aware of the consequences that hookahs have. Hookahs may have the same effects of a cigarette or worse. Hookah may be a disease spreader if not careful. Some people think that hookahs are just water vapor with flavoring,m not accurately knowing the harmful components of a hookah. People are not aware of the long term effects of the hookah. Hookahs generally have the same or worse effects of a cigarette. Hookahs have the same amountRead MoreTobacco Should Be Made Illegal Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pagesdetrimental effects on the lives of smokers and those around them. Fires, second-hand smoke, and smoking related motor vehicle accidents all plague the world and those in it. Tobacco should be made illegal because of the horrible consequences it inflicts on smokers and non-smokers alike. Tobacco is a plant that grows natively in North and South America. It is in the same family as the potato, pepper and the poisonous nightshade, a very deadly plant. American Indians began using tobacco in many differentRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Tobacco1049 Words   |  5 Pagesopposite smoking tobacco has been proved scientifically to be addictive. Addiction is when a person is physically and mentally dependent on a particular substance and is unable to stop taking it without incurring unpleasant effects. Once the body tastes nicotine the addictive chemical found in cigarettes it craves for more. Nicotine creates a pleasurable feeling that appeals to the smoker. However, since nicotine is the only addictive drug in tobacco if extracted from tobacco then tobacco wont be addictiveRead MoreTobacco Kills One Person Every Six Seconds (Sahil). The1678 Words   |  7 Pages Tobacco kills one person every six seconds (Sahil). The use of tobacco has been around for many years, and it seems only to be getting worse. The human body is affected in an abundance of ways due to the abuse of tobacco products. If individuals would stop the use of tobacco, this would help prevent many diseases, negative health consequences and possibly early death according to their age. Tobacco use is a problem because, it causes numerous health effects on individuals, such as addiction, birthRead More The Negitive Effects of Tobacco Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States. According to the statistics, tobacco has the highest death rate. Smoking is a very popular habit, even though we all know that smoking is very dangerous. Millions of people around the globe want to quit smoking for medical reasons such as having already two heart-valve replacement surgeries. By now, almost everyone knows that smoking and other tobacco use causes cancer. But it can also cause may more problems. When you smoke tobacco, the effects on your body are immediate. Your pulseRead MoreTobacco Advertisin g : A Worldwide Marketing Campaign895 Words   |  4 PagesTobacco Advertisement According to the World Health Organization, each year 6 million people die due to tobacco related illnesses. If current trends continue, it is projected that by 2030, tobacco will be responsible for more than 8 million deaths each year and 80% of these premature deaths will be among people living in low- and middle-income countries.† Tobacco advertising is a worldwide marketing campaign that displays bright and colorful images that appeal towards teens and young adults. TheseRead MoreEthical Challenges Of Tobacco Advertisements1170 Words   |  5 PagesETHICAL CHALLENGES OF TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENTS 1 Ethical Challenges of Banning Indian Tobacco Advertisements Poitier Stringer University of the People ETHICAL CHALLENGES OF TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENTS 2 Ethical Challenges of Banning Indian Tobacco Advertisements The tobacco industry has long presented ethical challenges for governments that are tasked with looking after the public good. Tobacco producers have provided significant revenue for many economies, yet they specialize in the manufacturing and distributionRead MoreWhat is the issue? Cigarette smoking is the biggest killer in the world and all around600 Words   |  3 Pageskiller in the world and all around countries. Tobacco smoking is the most addicted smoking that can have a lot of issues to your body smoking can lead you to have ranges of diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and as well as primitive death. Smoking can be the hardest habit to stop because tobacco contains nicotine which can be addictive. Effects There are many more reasons why to quit smoking tobacco. Tobacco smoking can cause lots of damage to your body’s organs and system. Tobacco smoking can

Mcminn 4mat Free Essays

Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling Sondra Rule Liberty University Summary The author of this book Mark McMinn explains how psychology, theology, and spirituality can all be integrated into Christian counseling. He discusses the difference between the three overlapping principles. He wrote this book especially for Christian counselors, pastors, as well as students so that they may clearly understand the meaning of the three principles, allowing them to apply it to everyday problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcminn 4mat or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main question this book poses to answer is, How does a Christian counselor integrate their faith into a counseling session in a way that can be beneficial to their clients. He discusses the problems that counselors and clients face in a counseling session and ways to improve them. Some of the ways he mentioned to improve counseling sessions were prayer, scripture, the effects of sin confession, forgiveness, and redemption. This book main purpose is to assist the counselor in integrating the three categories. He feels that if a counselor can master this, then they will be able to give their clients the very best services. The most important thing to realize is that this process will not be easy for the counselor or the client but, if done right it can be very rewarding for them both. The author starts the book by describing some of the challenges that Christian counselors encounter while trying to integrate psychology and spirituality. He explains how spirituality is different from psychology and theology by breaking it down into a simple statement, â€Å"We can become more or less competent in the spiritual disciplines, training ourselves to experience God more fully, but we can never be spiritually competent. (McMinn 2011, p. 11). He goes on to describe psychology, theology, and spirituality, how they are similar and different. His explanations are put in a way that is easy to understand, he also gives examples of how they can be applied to real life situations. He talks about the importance of scripture and how it can be very beneficial in a counseling session. However he does stress that clients can only be truly changed by scripture if they can carry it on outside their sessions, and make it apart of real life. Even hough it can be helpful to some it is not something that can be used with every client, it is up to the therapist to know what is best for every client. He also talks about the power of prayer. He discusses the different types of prayers and also the different situations in which each prayer is to be used. He also lets us know that prayer may not be for every client so it may not be the right technique to use in some those therapy sessions. McMinn (2011), goes on to discuss sin and the importance of looking at in with a theological perspective. If the counselor is able to get the client to really understand their sin, they can then get to a point of forgiveness. The therapist can help the client get in the best position possible to accomplish forgiveness, but it is up to the client to actually forgive themselves for their sins. The author also discusses the subject of redemption and how it can be established in different therapy models; such as object relations, cognitive, and Adlerian. This was a interesting and informative book. This book was wrote to help Christians integrate spirituality into a counseling session, and to let counselors know that they can’t just act one way in the office, they have to carry their spirituality outside their sessions. It is just as important for the client to know that the counselor is behaving the same way outside the office as they do when they are around. He also discussed how some counselors would like to help clients through the use of Christ, but they don’t know how. The author shows how to help clients by using examples of everyday life situations. This book is a good way to help Christians add to their knowledge about Christ because their are times when we become stagnant in our growth with Christ. He includes practices for every Christian, the client, as well as the patients and the benefits for each one. McMinn 2011, lets us know that spirituality and psychology have to be used together in order for us to have a accurate sense of self, accurate awareness of need, and healing relationships. Concrete Responses After reading this book , I mostly thought about how I first integrated my faith with my personal relationships. I have been Christian for a couple of years now, but every person I get close to or friend I have are not all Christian. Therefore, I had to learn how to not let their habits influence me with what I do and say. I have friends that smoke, get drunk, curse, and many other things that I find not to be Christian behavior. These were once things that I also had taken part in, so continuing our friendship and letting go of bad habits was a struggle for me. Integrating my new life with my old life was changeling because I was always told that your are the company that you keep. I had to make sure I didn’t get myself into situations that could hurt me in the long run. I was set on continuing the friendship I had and remaining a Christian as well. I can remember the first time my faith was tested. It was around five months after I changed my life around. I was invited to go out to the movies and out to eat with a big group of friends. Being that it was only a dinner and a movie, I assumed it would be okay. The night started off really well, we went to see a really great movie and we all were having a good time. Following the movie, we went out o eat, everyone ordered alcohol to drink including myself. I do drink occasionally but it is never something heavy and never more than one small glass. After ordering our drinks and food, I began to feel pressured by them because they were getting drunk and they wanted me to get drunk as well. I told them that I am not the same person I use to be, I will not let the devil control my life. After eating they wanted to take the party to the next level and start smoking. When I realized what was about to happen, I decided to remove myself from the equation before something happens I will regret. That experience taught me that I can still have my friends but we can’t hangout as much as we use too. It may be challenging but integrating my faith with my personal life can be done just as well as psychology, theology, and spirituality can be integrated into counseling. Reflection This was a very well written book. It answers the question â€Å"How can a counselor integrate psychology, theology, and spirituality into their counseling sessions. The author discusses the importance of integrating spirituality into counseling, and steps to take in order to ensure its success. The author also stressed the value of prayer in and out a counseling session and how to introduce it as a part of the session to the client. This book brings up questions such as, How can psychology, theology, and spirituality truly be integrated into counseling sessions with non Christian counselors and Christian clients. If spirituality is what is best for the client, how does a non Christian counselor help them without recommending a more qualified counselor. there is also the question of not confronting the sin. It would always be more helpful for a sin to be confronted so that the client knows that what they are doing is wrong and they should then be counseled in moving on from this sin and taking the necessary steps to ensure that sin is excluded from their lives. Others than that, this book was a very positive book. Learning how to help others with prayer, scriptures, psychology, theology is very rewarding. Knowing the steps to take in order to ensure as successful counseling session is also something that this book discussed, which is very helpful for therapist. Action After reading this book, and learning how to better integrate psychology, theology, and spirituality into counseling; it has been easier to help those in need such as a friend, family member, or client. NO when a person is in need of guidance or assistance with a problem, their will be a set of tools set aside that ensures they are helped in the best way possible. Encouraging the client to include spirituality into their counseling session can be tough at times, especially if they are not Christian but by using the tools taught in this book, it can be achieved. Changes concerning counseling and helping those in need of guidance has become a lot better. Before this book, integrating Christianity into counseling was a challenge. However through gaining a better understanding of psychology, theology, and spirituality, it was made clearer how to integrate the three into a counseling session that could be beneficial to every client if used correctly. This book shows how important it is to have a spiritual aspect in a counseling session. How it can be so helpful in helping a client if this is what they want. And how it can totally change a person’s life. Having a good relationship with God is all we need in order to make it day to day. Whatever problems we have can be brought to Jesus because he is the healer o all problems. Having a good counselor who can introduce or help grow you knowledge concerning Jesus is a good step in the right direction. Reference McMinn, M. R. (2011). Psychology, theology, and spirituality in Christian counseling. Tyndale house Publishers. How to cite Mcminn 4mat, Essay examples

Research Report Audit Plan of Mathra Tool Inc

Question: Describe about the concepts, the role and importance of auditing and audit plan in todays more challenging and competitive business environment? Answer: Executive Summary This research report is designed to understand the concepts, role and importance of auditing and audit plan in todays more challenging and competitive business environment. In addition to this, this research paper also represents the audit plan for the MTO in an effective and proper manner. Furthermore, this research report also analyzes and evaluates a beginning audit plan assessing interior risk and providing groundwork ruling for discovery risk. In the same way, this report presents auditing standards, laws and rules. On the other hand, this research paper would also analyze and evaluate specific substantive procedures that could be conducted for the WIP inventory. This research was conducted through evaluating secondary sources such as articles, books and online sources. Independent research was considered the auditing standard while perform the audit in appropriate way Introduction Information about the case On the basis of given case, it is identified and analyzed that, Thomas Smith is a senior accountant with the organizations Delen Jay. In addition to this, he is also assigned as in charge auditor of Mathra Tool Inc. (MIT) in order to conduct the auditing and to make the plan. Along with this, it should also be noted down that, this company is also the client of auditing company from a very long period of time. Moreover, it is also interpreted that, MIT organizations is fully owned by George Mathra that is an experienced machinist. Apart from this, it is also found that, this business was established by the George before 20 ago. Moreover, the company has an excellent reputation in the market for the highly quality machined parts (Cascarino, 2007). Apart from this, it is also analyzed that, the company also has various clients in the different business sector. For case, the main clients of the company are in the health care as well as automobile business sector. Background Information about the research paper In the current time, there are several organizations or business firms that create, make and develop audit plan for the fulfillment of accounting and financial objectives in an effective and proper manner. Along with this, it should also be noted down that, audit plan is also the more beneficial, significant and important for the organizations in order to control its expenses and remove its weakness in an effective and significant manner. In the same way, audit plan helps the firms to enhance financial performance in the market effectively (Thomas Chizek, 2003). Moreover, audit plan is also ensure the company in reducing a wide range of financial and non-financial risks and issues effectively. For case, audit plan helps the companies and organizations in identifying business dangers, assessing the importance of the dangers, evaluating the probability of their event and choose about activities to address those dangers. Along with this, it should also be noted down that, the company can get a wide range of tangible and intangible benefits with the effective use of audit plan (Whittington Delaney, 2011). For instance, the management of the company would be able to utilize organizational financial resources effectively to improve the financial performance in the market. In the same way, the company can improve their marketability, market share, profitability, creditability, revenue level etc. In the same way, organizations should support audit plan by implementing the audit plan to improve their financial condition in the market in an effective and significant manner. Research Methodology In order to design this report, secondary research methodology is used to obtain the needed data and information. For this, articles, websites and text books are used to develop understanding about the importance of auditing in service products. Aims and Objectives In order to accomplish this research, various research objectives will be covered during the study. For instance, the main aim of this research paper is to identify the role and importance of audit plan. On the other hand, this research study also deals with various significant objectives as well as issues such as: A preliminary audit plan assessing internal risk and providing preliminary judgment for detection risk A description of specific substantive procedures that could be conducted for the WIP inventory Thus, above are a few goals that will be accomplished to fulfill this exploration paper and to create legitimate and dependable results for improving seeing about the part of inspecting. Importance of the Research Paper: This research paper would be more beneficial, valuable and effective for the readers, researcher and students. It is because this research paper will help the readers and students in understanding concepts, role and importance of auditing and auditing plan in an effective and proper manner. In addition to this, it is also analyzed that, this research paper would also be more beneficial and comprehensive for the readers in analyzing and understanding various concepts associated with the audit planning, internal risk, and preliminary judgment for detection risk. At the same time, this paper would also helps the readers in understanding the specific substantive procedures that could be conducted for the WIP inventory. Preliminary Audit Plan As a senior partner to complete an external audit of the MTI, firstly outlines the critical steps related to audit planning that will help to plan an effective audit program. As an external audit partners primary responsibilities are identifies items that causing the financial statements to be materially misstated, execute or design tests to identify whether misstatements have happened, and test the internal control effectiveness over financial reporting thorough use of financial items (Thomas Chizek, 2003). The below diagram is shown the audit planning is a three step process that is underlined by the external auditor, audit committee during evaluated the each audit cycle. International Standards on Auditing (ISA) no.300 has characterized three stage of the review arranging process that is depicted in the underneath: Understanding of the element, its surroundings and its interior controls framework, and data stream process (US Securities and Exchange Commission, 2015) Assessing money related reporting or proclamations danger identified with material misstatement Designing incorporated review forms with the assessed danger level. These three steps are said in the below diagram of audit plan. (Source: Thornton, 2010) According to the above described the audit process, the senior partner company should undertake performance ratio examine and financial statement analyze actions during planning and designing the audit program. In the audit plan, firstly selects auditors or person those are responsible for conducting audit and measures progress of strategic implement plan of MTI (Homaifar, 2004). The person is responsible for audit planning and developed an annual audit plan for evaluate the success of the strategic implementation plan. In addition, MTI could have obliged powerful bookkeeping gathering those guarantee that the organization's income or costs was appropriately recorded and archived. Moreover, the organization could have additionally obliged apply the credit hazard administration and inside control works, so the bookkeeping gathering completely uncover the noteworthy evaluating the organization's interior shortcoming or danger (Whittington Delaney, 2011). In the meantime, the administration advisory group is mindful to apply the credit hazard administration capacities for guaranteeing that the organization's stipend comported with bookkeeping guidelines and rules. In an internal control framework the organization could have enlisted or employed inspector and the organization paid it. The organization could have concentrated on the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and haired interior inspector that individual for the most part included in the organization's monetary records. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act obliges that the reviewer is autonomy, take their obligations genuinely to figure out the material misquote and don't delegate to administration (US Securities and Exchange Commission, 2015). The CFO (Chief Financial Officer) could have additionally helped and underpinned the examiner to keep up the inner control framework and helped abstain from being included with this kind of circumstance. In this way, through apply of credit danger administration and inside control capacities and contract autonomy inspector in an inner control framework, the organization could have being dodged this sort of infringement circumstance. Auditor develops graphical time scheduling is incorporated in audit planning through include the all activities of auditing. Auditors or responsible person will analyze and evaluate of the already existing risks and control risk that are related to internal control. Auditors will evaluate and identify risks that are impacted on the transactions and financial report of the firm. Auditor will evaluate the WIP (work-in-process) inventory that is the large item on the MTIs balance sheet to evaluate the internal control of the company (Manresa, 2010). The primary responsibility of the audit team or auditor is to ensure audits is done right and with integrity. In the case of end result is an unqualified audit report, the audit team responsibility is to detect fraud or misstated financial reporting or information and after find the issues or fraud report in question in the final audit report (Choudrie Middleton, 2013). At the same time, the audit team played major role in assessing internal risk and providing preliminary judgment for detecting internal risk. The sampling technique would use as the assessing the internal control risk model to support the preliminary judgment about materiality. The sampling technique is widely adopted method of auditing because it provides the option for the auditor to get the minimum audit evidence that is appropriate to form valid conclusions on the preliminary judgment materials (Tickner, 2012). This technique is widely used to reduce the internal control risk of over auditing at the audit review stage. Specific Subtractive Procedure The audit team uses the particular subtractive methods that could be led for the WIP (work-in-process) inventory. Moreover, the auditor will use the audit software to evaluate the WIP inventory level and total sales of the company to assessing the internal weakness and risks of the company (Fox, 2011). The audit software helps the audit team to identify the fraud, error and mistake in the WIP amount or quantity as well as accessing the fraud, error and mistake in the total sales of the particular time period. On the basis of the specific subtractive procedures, the audit team planned three audit procedures and tasks that is planning, executing, and reporting to carry out in response to the high financial risks or problem areas in these companies. Moreover, MTIs faced internal control risks, so that the audit team would have firstly identified risks and then planning of auditing. Moreover, planning of audit includes recruitment of auditor, collects importance information, discusses the scope and objectives of the audit with management or auditor, decides audit processes, evaluates existing controls, and planning of the remaining audit steps (Choudrie Middleton, 2013). In the next process, the audit team would have executing the audit process and then finally reporting audit findings, and recommendations for improvements related to financial or internal control risks or short-term obligation issues on the base of proof collected in the executing process. In the context of the specific subtractive procedures related to audit plan, each auditor identified the financial risks or short-term obligation issues during the audit processes. On the basis of analytical review on the financial statements (, Balance Sheet, Cash Flow Statement Income Statement) of MIT, the audit team considered the auditor opinion about the risks identified during the audit processes (Manresa, 2010). The main strength of the auditors opinion is represented the actual risks or weaknesses of the company. In addition, the auditors opinion is also provided or recommended appropriate solution of these risks or issues that would help the MTIs to improve its internal control process or system. Identify and underline risks in auditing that account or disclose mistakes in internal controls due to fraud, error and mistake. Moreover, through auditing the full implementation plan, the auditor will able to identify fraud, error and mistake that helps it to adjust plan according risks for achieve objectives of strategic implement plan (Homaifar, 2004). The auditor will be able to identify the fraud, error and mistake in the WIP inventory level and total sales of MTI that helps it to provide preliminary judgment for detection risk. Moreover, the auditor and audit team members is required to done its job effectively during auditing to complete the security audit at the right time and according to the budget or scheduling. The auditor or members of audit team contributes to implement the audit plan and identify the weak area of the company internal control or internal system that contributes to solve the issues and minimize threats related to security. In addition, the security provider also important stakeholders related to the security audit (Cascarino, 2007). The security provider main job is install security oriented technology devices and provides expert advice of auditor or team members so they are able to effectively conduct security audit. Thus, these stakeholders (CFO, CEO, director, evaluator, review colleagues and security supplier or security master) are played major role in successful conduct audit and internal control or internal system. Conclusion On the basis of the above discussion, it can be finally described that a preliminary audit plan would be helped the MTIs to assess internal control risk and preliminary judgment for detection risk. Moreover, MTIs could be used the specific subtractive procedure that is planning, executing, and reporting and use the audit software to identify fraud, error or mistake in the WIP inventory. In addition to this, it is also concluded that, in the current time, organization also faces a lot of problems due to its irregular audit process as well as its faulty coding process. Along with this, it is also observed that, the organization should adopt and implement Audit methodology for the effective audit. This methodology would helpful to analysis the accuracy of clinical coding in an effective way. In addition, it is also noted down, that there are a lot of ways as well as guidelines that are helpful to diminish the coding errors and documentation issues in a proper manner. In addition, the or ganizations should perform internal audit and also develop a programme to improve the documentation techniques and coding of records effectually. Thus, the coding evaluating methodology assumes a basic part in the change of coding accuracy and to remove the errors in an effectual way. References Cascarino, R. (2007). Internal Auditing - an Integrated Approach (2nd ed.). SA: Juta and Company Ltd. Choudrie, J. Middleton, C. (2013). Management of Broadband Technology and Innovation: Policy, Deployment, and Use. UK: Routledge. Fox, K.B. (2011). For Everyone: Words and Paintings. USA: BalboaPress. Homaifar, G. (2004). Managing Global Financial and Foreign Exchange Rate Risk. USA: John Wiley Sons. Manresa, M. (2010). How to Open and Operate a Financially Successful Import Export Business. USA: Atlantic Publishing Company. Thomas, E.M. Chizek, C. (2003). The Seven-step Process to Risk-based Auditing. The Institute Of Internal Auditors, 2(4). Thornton, G. (2010). Planning the external audit. Retrieved from: https://www.grantthornton.com/staticfiles/GTCom/Audit/Assurancepublications/Audit%20committee%20guides/ACH-Guides_Planning-External-Audit_WEB.pdf Tickner, P. (2012). The Successful Frauditor's Casebook (2nd ed.). UK: John Wiley Sons. US Securities and Exchange Commission. (2015). Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases Archive: 2013. Retrieved from: https://www.sec.gov/litigation/admin/2013/34-69442.pdf Whittington, O.R. Delaney, P.R. (2011). Wiley CPA Exam Review 2012, Auditing and Attestation (9th ed.). USA: John Wiley Sons.